Teachers Roles in Autonomous Learning Shanghais Yan School of foreign Essay

Educators Roles in Autonomous Learning Shanghais Yan School of unknown dialects, Lanzhou University of innovation, Lanzhou, China - Essay Example Student independence did not depend on the above misinterpretations. Thusly, the genuine definition can be caught through the capacity of the student to be dependable just as free. The student is a functioning member and is aware of what they realize, the manner in which they learns just as the time they learn. This type of learning has been degfined by different researchers, including Holec who brought up that the capacity to have command over the learning procedure by the student involves self-governance. Yan (2012) keeps on argueing about the advantages of student self-governance. He brings up that the student has the ability to create energy and activity in what they are realizing. What's more, the student turns out to be free while creating inventiveness and ingenuity. Since student self-rule is advantageous, the educator must assume a job its advancement, contends the creator. He suggests that being the information supplier that commands the class all through the class time, the educator is the most all around put individual to teach student independence. He reasons that the instructor is the facilitator, coordinator and the supervisor to the student. What's more, he is the advocate to the

Impact of E-Commerce technologies on Supply Chain Management

Question: 1.Discuss the Impact of E-Commerce advancements on Supply Chain Management on: 1.1.Impact on procurement1.2.Impact on creation, arranging and control.1.3.Impact on dissemination. Answer: Presentation Internet business has been one of the most significant methods of business in the current worldwide exchange. The business associations are getting upper hands in the serious world and online business happens to be the most reasonable mode of making a business exchange. The business exchange is done through the web and it requires some investment to do the exchange. The job of web based business in the gracefully chain the executives has been valuable (idea.gov.uk, 2017). The web based business has diminished the time and cost and can do the business procedure effectively. The task examines the job of online business in the acquisition, creation, arranging and control exercises of the association. The task additionally talks about how the online business has been the snappiest method of conveyance and how it affected the business arrangement of the organization. The task will examine the example of overcoming adversity off Dell that exploited email request and effectively won the upp er hand by providing the clients different arrangements through online mode. This was conceivable because of incorporated gracefully the board chain applied by the organization. Characterizing gracefully chain the executives Gracefully anchor the board alludes to the arranging the executives of the considerable number of exercises that include in sourcing, acquisition, change the administration of the coordinations. It is the precise, vital coordination of the business elements of the customary methodology the strategies across of these business capacities inside the flexibly chain for the improvement of the presentation of the organization the gracefully chain in general (UCSF, 2017). It is the methodical perspective on the network in the chains so as to make fulfillment of the clients at the hour of the conveyance of the items. The flexibly chain the board has been significant for the worldwide business and for the improvement of the tasks of the business. It improves the rivalries and helps the association for the stock administration. This adds to the expansion of web based business. Effect of web based business advances on the flexibly chain the executives Web based business has offered all the partners of the business to make a simple access to the data to settle on a decision dependent on the worldwide reach. The clients, providers, produces vendors can get the data and the decisions made by them will be gotten to and checked by the business association over the globe. The innovation of web based business has gotten improvement the correspondence between clients firm and it has diminished the time required to get the data. The buy procedure has been hugely affected and the exchange cost has been decreased. The reaction time of the gracefully chain is diminished by the innovation and the correspondence and data stream become quick over the chain. The web based business has been useful for the disintermediation and has decreased the effect of bullwhip impact (Heng, 2015). The internet business has been significant for acquisition, creation, arranging control of the matter of the association. The internet business has likewise a more noteworthy effect on the flexibly chain the board and on the appropriation. 1.1.Impact on obtainment The procedure of the obtainment of a gracefully chain the executives is about the dealing with a proper arrangement of providers the individuals who can bolster the necessities of the procedure of the creation through fats and stream of crude materials. The present worldwide world offers a degree to the business association to discover the providers or the crude materials at the ideal time period with a suitable expense. The procedure of the acquisition sets up community oriented associations with the providers. This will contributes for the acquirement of the necessary sum the quality materials in the assigned time (Heaton, 2017). This has been workable for the internet business. The web based business has decreased the process duration the creation cost. The system availability has built up the procedure of the obtainment. The customarily based exercises like choosing the thing, demand of the buy on the paper, conveyance of materials, receipt the installment have been supplanted. T he arrangement of the Electronic Data Interchange framework empowers the providers and securing association to have quick correspondence. The electronic medium will offer Business to Business model for the web based business. This assists with social occasion required merchandise legitimately on the trade. The internet business has improved Business to Business procedure and offers direct access to know the value, quality, amount, accessibility data that is significant for the business correspondence (Krishnamurthy, 2007). 1.2.Impact of web based business on creation, arranging, and control The assembling procedure of the organization relies upon the need of the clients. The organization produces to fulfill the need of the end-clients. There are various exercises led by the organization for giving items administrations to the purchasers. These exercises are from the guaging, acquisition, stock data the executives, confirmation of value, booking, creating, conveyance, conveyance and client support (Anon., 2017). The web based business encourages the developments of the merchandise by causing cushion loading of the things in the distribution center close to the area of the shoppers with the goal that they to can make prompt conveyance. The gracefully chain development helps in three significant manners. The merchandise are moved towards the heading of the purchasers. The online business helps moves data from buyers to providers and from providers to customers. The developments of the funds are produced using the purchasers to the providers. (Derek, 2017) The Business to Business trade the innovations are utilized to address the interest detecting issues identified with the reactions. The assembling needs are appropriately overseen. The internet business has assisted with meeting the accompanying goals. It improves accomplice joint effort, limits the expense, and aides for detecting the gracefully and it is utilized for coordination. 1.3.Impact on the circulation The significance of the circulation arrange is immense in an association. The intensity of the conveyance system of an association encourages it to arrive at the clients over the globe. The items are effortlessly conveyed to the clients without any problem. The conveyance arrange encourages the association to rival different associations, to upgrade the degrees of the stock and to keep up the distribution centers effectively so as to fulfill the need of the end-clients of the items (entrepreneur.com, 2017). The web based business assumes a job of the go-between and gathers the data according to the inclination of the purchasers, on the patterns of the interest and detecting the interest. Along these lines the web based business assists with spreading accessible data on value, quality, and elements of the items to the clients (Khadar, 2016). Accordingly the web based business bolsters then strategic frameworks, helps the development of the physical products from the makers to the end- clients and offers the dangers identified with the administration of the stock. The web based business has been valuable for the abuse of the economies of scale during the time spent the transportation circulation of the items. The internet business has helped the buyers by offering great types of assistance. Therefore it builds up a connection between the producers and the merchants In this manner web based business makes a situation where advanced merchandise are made and afterward it is reached to the customers toward the end. The web based business stage has assisted with advancing appropriation framework with significant level of normalization, brand picture and confirmation of value and valuation turns out to be low in multifaceted nature. Subsequently the online business has assisted the end clients with getting the items straightforwardly from the producers (Chowdhury, 2008). Effect of web based business of Dell and its effect on creation, arranging, and control and on acquirement and on circulation The interest patterns assist Dell With companying to compose its assembling to deliver the items that are tweaked. For fulfilling the need of the clients the organization utilized a methodology of providing top notch PC parts subassemblies. The organization utilized a flexibly arrange called virtual coordination. The organization had flexibly accomplices who are given interest patterns. The organization centers around propelling new items. The gracefully accomplices were coordinated. The arranging of the activities could assist with incorporating with accomplices of the gracefully to make an arrangement for the tasks so the expense of the inventories will be decreased. This has permitted Dell to work low-stock or Just in time tasks in stock (americanexpress.com, 2011). The clients of the dell are currently ready to make a redid request and that is put away in the database. The organization gets benefits sourcing the information for speedy shipment from the closest assembling unit. The organization has interconnected all the procedures and the frameworks (Geva, 2013). The office server of the organization makes a picture according to the request for the clients. It takes two hours to succession the assembling plan framework The Build to Order process demands for the required materials and it is conveyed by the providers and it is refreshed suitably. The organization isn't requiring distribution center and the stock activities become less. This has made the Dell Company keep up conveyance point at the separations that can be conveyed shortly. The internet business has added to imparting between the production to the clients straightforwardly. End Internet business has added to upgrading the quality of the gracefully the board framework. The flexibly the executives framework has been exceptionally compelling. The web based business has given extension to the buyers, providers, makers and sellers to get to the web and get the data effectively and rapidly. The purchaser cho

Acute Stress Disorder Symptoms and Link to PTSD

Acute Stress Disorder Symptoms and Link to PTSD Acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often go hand-in-hand. This is because a diagnosis of PTSD cannot be made until at least one month after the experience of a traumatic event. Yet, it is likely that people may begin experiencing PTSD-like symptoms soon after a traumatic event. The 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders describes these PTSD-like symptoms occurring within one month of a traumatic experience as Acute Stress Disorder (ASD). Overview of PTSD Symptoms The symptoms of ASD are similar to those of PTSD except they occur soon after the experience of a traumatic event. ASD symptoms include the re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms of PTSD. For example, a person with ASD may experience frequent thoughts, memories, or dreams about the traumatic event. They may also constantly feel on-edge or try to avoid reminders of the event. ASD also includes symptoms of dissociation. Dissociation is an experience where a person may feel disconnected from himself and/or his surroundings. Dissociation may range from temporarily losing touch with what is going on around you (such as what happens when you daydream) to having no memories for a prolonged period of time (blanking out) and/or feeling as though you are outside of your body. You may feel like you are watching yourself as if you were another person. Coping with Dissociation and Flashbacks in PTSD Diagnosis It is normal to experience certain stress-related symptoms following the experience of a traumatic event. Therefore, to be diagnosed with ASD, a person must meet certain requirements (or criteria). These requirements are described by the DSM-IV and are provided below: Criterion A A person must have experienced a traumatic event where both of the following occurred: The person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event where there was the threat of or actual death or serious injury. The event may also have involved a threat to the persons or another persons physical well-being.The person responded to the event with strong feelings of fear, helplessness, or horror. Criterion B The person experiences at least three of the following dissociative symptoms during or after the traumatic event: Feeling numb or detached or having difficulties experiencing emotions.Feeling dazed or not entirely being aware of surroundings.Derealization, or feeling as though people, places, and things are not real.Depersonalization or feeling separated and detached from oneself.Dissociative amnesia, or being unable to recall important parts of the traumatic event. Criterion C The person has at least one re-experiencing symptom, such as having frequent thoughts, memories, or dreams about the event. This may take the form of flashbacks in which the event is experienced as if it were happening against, or nightmares, in which the event is re-lived in some form. Criterion D The person attempts to avoid people, places, or things that remind him or her about the event. Criterion E The person has hyperarousal symptoms, such as feeling constantly on guard or jumpy, having difficulties sleeping, problems with concentration, or irritability. Criterion F The symptoms described above have a great negative impact on the life of the person experiencing them, interfering with work or relationships. Criterion G The symptoms last for at least two days and at most four weeks. The symptoms also occur within four weeks of experiencing the traumatic event. Criterion H The symptoms are not due to an illness or other medical condition, medication being taken, or alcohol/drug use. ASD and PTSD ASD is a serious condition. People with ASD are at greater risk for eventually developing PTSD. Because of the dissociation symptoms of ASD, a person may not be able to recall important parts of the event, as well as the emotions they experienced. This might interfere with a persons ability to fully process the impact of the event and their emotions about the event, hindering the recovery process. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a difficult-to-treat and heart-wrenching condition that can greatly impact the peace and well-being of survivors of trauma. It is hoped that by being able to identify acute stress disorder through these criteria, those who are at risk of developing PTSD will be better identified and monitored so that they can be helped before their symptoms progress to PTSD. There has been debate over how well ASD can predict  PTSDâ€"most people with ASD go on to develop PTSD, but many people diagnosed with PTSD do not have a history of prior ASD. Yet, in addition to having predictive value for PTSD, ASD is a serious condition deserving of thoughtful care and treatment in its own right. If you think you may have ASD, it is important that you meet with a mental health professional trained in assessing and treating ASD. The earlier you recognize and address these symptoms, the greater the chance you have of preventing the development of PTSD, and the greater the chance that you can get started right away in coping with the symptoms you currently have. How to Find a Therapist That Is Right for You

Informative Speech Sports Games - 706 Words

Hey hey hey! I hope your week is going well, and you are well adjusted in all of your classes. I know it seems like a long time, but I would like to thank all of you who joined us for bowling on Saturday. I had a blast, and I hope you had fun too! There are so many things going around campus, but I would like to inform you on several upcoming events. 1) In light of Spirit Week, we were planning on watching either a soccer game or volleyball game together if you want to. I will inform you at the beginning of next week about it. 2) Also, you might have received an email from Mrs. Epling (Sarah) about the Dallas Museum of Fine Arts. If not, it is on our Facebook page. If you are interested in art, you should go! It is about ART,†¦show more content†¦So, if you do think about hosting an event and start collecting ingredients this semester, you will be READY next semester! J I know many of you have participated in the previous â€Å"Our World Cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬ , either by cooking dishes, eating other’s dishes, and even as a personal taste tester! If you have participated in previous years, I do encourage you to participate in it again. You will have a $30 reimbursement for each table if you will make a food from your country. Receipts should be kept! If you are planning to make food, you will make a food and then it is served in small bite size pieces. It is similar to the people in the grocery stores giving you tiny pieces of food for you to try. If you are interested, you should sign up. You wi ll see sign-up sheets in your dorms and also on my room door. It is also attached to this email. It would be great to get everyone signed up right away so that we know who is participating. This will also help so that when you leave for the Christmas holiday to go home, you can bring back the things they may need from your country to decorate their table on January 23rd, 2018. It will be fun and self-rewarding! It is also educational! You learn about each other’s culture and other’s learn about your culture! What better way to share your culture with others than through FOOD! Keep those dates in mind, but do not fret if you cannot remember them all. I will remind you about these upcoming events. If you have any questionsShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech NFL Concussions Essay792 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Informative Speech Outline INTRODUCTION 1. Creative Attention Getter a. My creative attention getter will be playing a video with some hard helmet-to-helmet hits in the NFL 2. Thesis Statement a. Football is a hard-hitting sport and can cause concussions, head injuries, and even permanent brain damage. 3. Preview of the main points a. 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Biography of Edna St. Vincent Millay, American Poet

Edna St. Vincent Millay was a popular poet, known for her Bohemian (unconventional) lifestyle. She was also a playwright and actress. She lived from  February 22, 1892 to October 19, 1950.   She sometimes published as Nancy Boyd, E. Vincent Millay, or Edna St. Millay.  Her poetry, rather traditional in form but adventurous in content, reflected her life in dealing forthrightly with sex and independence in women. A nature mysticism pervades much of her work. Early Years Edna St. Vincent  Millay was born in 1892. Her mother, Cora Buzzelle Millay, was a nurse, and her father,  Henry Tolman Millay, a teacher. Millays parents divorced in 1900 when she was eight, reportedly because of her fathers gambling habits. She and her two younger sisters were raised by their mother in Maine, where she developed an interest in literature and began writing poetry. Early Poems and Education By the age of 14, she was publishing poetry in the childrens magazine, St. Nicholas, and read an original piece for her high school graduation from Camden High School in Camden, Maine. Three years after graduation, she followed her mothers advice and submitted a long poem to a contest. When the anthology of selected poems was published, her poem, Renascence, won critical praise. On the basis of this poem, she won a scholarship to Vassar, spending a semester at Barnard in preparation. She continued to write and publish poetry while in college, and also enjoyed the experience of living among so many intelligent, spirited, and independent young women. New York Soon after graduation from Vassar in 1917, she published her first volume of poetry, including Renascence. It was not particularly financially successful, though it won critical approval, and so she moved with one of her sisters to New York, hoping to become an actress. She moved to Greenwich Village, and soon became part of the literary and intellectual scene in the Village. She had many lovers, both female and male, while she struggled to make money with her writing. Publishing Success After 1920, she began to publish mostly in Vanity Fair, thanks to editor Edmund Wilson who later proposed marriage to Millay. Publishing in Vanity Fair meant more public notice and a bit more financial success. A play and a poetry prize were accompanied by illness, but in 1921, another Vanity Fair editor arranged to pay her regularly for writing she would send from a trip to Europe. In 1923, her poetry won the Pulitzer Prize, and she returned to New York, where she met and quickly married a wealthy Dutch businessman, Eugen Boissevant, who supported her writing and took care of her through many illnesses.   Boissevant had earlier been married to  Inez Milholland Boiisevan, dramatic woman suffrage proponent who died in 1917.   They had no children In following years, Edna St. Vincent Millay found that performances where she recited her poetry were sources of income. She also became more involved in social causes, including womens rights and defending Sacco and Vanzetti. Later Years: Social Concern and Ill Health In the 1930s, her poetry reflects her growing social concern and her grief over her mothers death. A car accident in 1936 and general ill health slowed her writing. The rise of Hitler disturbed her, and then the invasion of Holland by the Nazis cut off her husbands income. She also lost many close friends to death in the 1930s and 1940s. She had a nervous breakdown in 1944. After her husband died in 1949, she continued to write, but died herself the next year. A last volume of poetry was published posthumously. Key works: Renascence (1912)Renascence and Other Poems (1917)A Few Figs from Thistles (1920)Second April (1921)The Harp-Weaver and Other Poems (1923)The Kings Henchman (1927)The Buck in the Snow and Other Poems (1928)Fatal Interview (1931)Wine from These Grapes (1934)Conversation at Midnight (1937)Huntsman, What Quarry? (1939)Make Bright the Arrows (1940)The Murder of Lidice (1942)Mine the Harvest (published 1954) Selected Edna St. Vincent Millay Quotations †¢ Let us forget such words, and all they mean,as Hatred,  Bitterness  and Rancor,Greed, Intolerance, Bigotry.Let us renew our faith and pledge to Manhis right to be Himself,and free. †¢ Not Truth, but Faith it is that keeps the world alive. †¢ I shall die, but that is all that I shall do for Death; I am not on his pay-roll. †¢ I will not tell him the whereabouts of my friendsnor of my enemies either.Though he  promise  me much I will not map himthe route to any mans door.Am I a spy in the land of the livingThat I should deliver men to death?Brother, the password and the plans of our cityare safe with me.Never through me shall you be overcome.I shall die, but that is all I shall do for death. †¢ Into the  darkness  they go, the wise and the lovely. †¢ The soul can split the sky in two,And let the face of God shine through. †¢ God, I can push the grass apartAnd lay my finger on thy heart! †¢ Dont stand so near me!I  am become a socialist. I loveHumanity; but I hate people.(character Pierrot in  Aria da Capo, 1919) †¢ There is no God.But it does not matter.Man  is enough. †¢ My candle burns at both ends... †¢ It is not true that life is one damn thing after another. It’s one damn thing over and over. †¢ [John Ciardi about Edna St. Vincent Millay] It was not as a craftsman nor as an influence, but as the creator of her own legend that she was  most alive  for us. Her success was  as  a figure of passionate living. Selected Poems by Edna St. Vincent Millay Afternoon on a Hill I will be the gladdest thing  Under the sun!I will touch a hundred flowers  And not pick one. I will look at cliffs and clouds  With quiet eyes,Watch the wind bow down the grass,  And the grass rise. And when lights begin to show  Up from the town,I will mark which must be mine,  And then start down! Ashes of Life Love has gone and left me, and the days are all alike.Eat I must, and sleep I will - and would that night were here!But ah, to lie awake and hear the slow hours strike!Would that it were day again, with twilight near! Love has gone and left me, and I dont know what to do;This or that or what you will is all the same to me;But all the things that I begin I leave before Im through -Theres little use in anything as far as I can see. Love has gone and left me, and the neighbors knock and borrow,And life goes on forever like the gnawing of a mouse.And to-morrow and to-morrow and to-morrow and to-morrowTheres this little street and this little house. Gods World O world, I cannot hold thee close enough!  Ã‚   Thy winds, thy wide grey skies!  Ã‚   Thy mists that roll and rise!Thy woods this autumn day, that ache and sagAnd all but cry with colour!   That gaunt cragTo crush!   To lift the lean of that black bluff!World, World, I cannot get thee close enough! Long have I known a glory in it all,  Ã‚   But never knew I this;  Ã‚   Here such a passion isAs stretcheth me apart, -- Lord, I do fearThoust made the world too beautiful this year;My soul is all but out of me, -- let fallNo burning leaf; prithee, let no bird call. When the Year Grows Old I cannot but remember  When the year grows old --October -- November --  How she disliked the cold! She used to watch the swallows  Go down across the sky,And turn from the window  With a little sharp sigh. And often when the brown leaves  Were brittle on the ground,And the wind in the chimney  Made a melancholy sound, She had a look about her  That I wish I could forget --The look of a scared thing  Sitting in a net! Oh, beautiful at nightfall  The soft spitting snow!And beautiful the bare boughs  Rubbing to and fro! But the roaring of the fire,  And the warmth of fur,And the boiling of the kettle  Were beautiful to her! I cannot but remember  When the year grows old --October -- November --  How she disliked the cold!

thesis statement example †pros and cons of minimum wage uk Free Essays

string(45) " the 50th and 90th percentile \(a 34% gap\)\." Introduction The National Minimum Wage represents a minimum amount, usually per hour, that most workers are entitled to receive for their labour. The introduction of the minimum wage has the objective of improving income equality, especially for those with fewer skills. The National Minimum Wage Act 1998 was introduced to the United Kingdom by the Labour Party, ensuring that almost all workers receive a certain remuneration for work performed (BIS, 2011) and is reviewed yearly by the Low Pay Commission (LPC). We will write a custom essay sample on thesis statement example – pros and cons of minimum wage uk or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not all UK workers are entitled to the minimum wage, with the self-employed and those of compulsory school age being exempt from the incentive. By definition, not all people in the country receive the minimum wage rate, however the employment law enforced by the Department of Business, Innovation, and Skills (BIS) aims to ensure that all employees over the age of 16 receive a minimum wage. The UK Government proposes that the National Minimum Wage protects low-income workers from low rates of pay, and provides greater incentive to work (BIS, 2011). Additionally, the BIS (2011) claims that the minimum wage ensures that business competitiveness results from the quality of goods and services rather than low prices enabled by low pay. Estimates put the proportion of UK working age individuals receiving the minimum wage at between four and six percent (LPC, 2007). The minimum wage has been proposed to improve the wage of the lowest earners of an economy, something that has been evident in those in the bottom half of the earnings distribution in the United States (diNardo et al., 1996; Lee, 1999). In the 1980s, the US minimum wage was fixed at a nominal level, therefore declining in relation to average earnings. This subsequently caused a dramatic rise in wage inequality for those workers in the bottom half of the wage distribution (Dickens Manning, 2004). These observations demonstrate the effectiveness of a minimum wage on improving wage equality at bottom end of the spectrum. HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) enforce the adherence of businesses to the National Minimum Wage, and those employers found to be incompliant will face legal action. On a case-by-case basis, criminal proceedings may be enforced if employees commit any offences under the act. Such offenses include refusing to pay the minimum wage, failing to preserve or forging related records, and obstructing any investigation. Criminal proceedings may include a fine, and additionally the HMRC are able to seize property to obtain and enforce the minimum wage jurisdiction (BIS, 2011). Despite the introduction of the minimum wage as an employment law in the UK, not all employees receive a minimum wage. The National Minimum Wage Compliance Strategy (BIS, 2010) identified over 23,000 workers that were not paid the minimum wage in 2008/2009. Employee’s tactics to avoid paying this include keeping two sets of books, using accountants to falsify records, and failing to produce detailed records in effort to avoid conviction by the HMRC (BIS, 2011). Identification of these employees meant that it was possible to ensure payment in arrears for the neglect of the minimum wage. Whilst this is a positive outcome, and these neglected workers receive their entitled wages, ensuring employer compliance with the minimum wage is still a main governmental pursuit (LPC, 2012). The Low Pay Commission are continually identifying employers that are not paying their workers the minimum wage (937 cases in 2010/11). Additionally, data show that in April 2011, approximately 233,000 UK adults were paid less than the minimum wage (LPC, 2012). Not all individuals receiving less than the prescribed minimum wage (currently ?6.08 p/h for over 21s, ?4.98 for 18-21 year olds [HMRC, 2012]) are doing so against the minimum wage employment law. Exceptions include workers who have accommodation provided by their employer, apprentices and interns. One group particularly vulnerable to not receiving the national minimum wage is migrant workers. Research has shown that migrant workers have filled gaps in the UK labour market, however have also put downward pressure on wages at the bottom of the distribution, which have been prevented from falling further by the national minimum wage. The existence of a minimum wage to prevent wages falling further has positive implications for native workers, meaning they do not fall subject to lower wage rates. It also however, means that wages are unable to fall to a rate at which supply meets demand potentially leading to an increase in unemployment for those in unskilled jobs. The implications of t he minimum wage for unemployment are not constrained to the presence of migrant workers, and this will be discussed in more detail later on. As well as having an impact on the labour market, migrant workers have been shown to be examples of people in the country receiving less than the prescribed rate. Research by French and Mohrke (2006) found that some employers of migrant workers put various charges on their salaries, reducing wages below the minimum wage, and deducting accommodation fees that were in excess of the legal allowance. The exploitation of migrant workers was further highlighted by Moore and Watson (2009) who discovered that they were at risk from low wages, unclear payslips and unauthorised deductions from wages. It is therefore clear that the introduction of a national minimum wage in the UK has not provided everyone in the country with a wage above the prescribed rate, however the Government measures and implemented compliance enforcing techniques are further insuring that those entitled are receiving the minimum wage. There is considerable evidence to show a compression of the lower wage distribution and therefore improvement of wage inequality as a result of the introduction of a national minimum wage. Machin et al. (2003) investigated this effect in the care home industry, a low-wage heavy sector, finding that the minimum wage had a sizeable impact on wage dispersion. The inequality between those earning in the 10th percentile (the lowest paid workers) and the 50th percentile (mid pay-range) reduced from 21% to 9%. There was no change between wages in the 50th and 90th percentile (a 34% gap). You read "thesis statement example – pros and cons of minimum wage uk" in category "Essay examples" This effect is replicated in the UK labour market, with Butcher, Dickens and Manning (2012) finding evidence that income inequality at the bottom of the wage distribution since the introduction of the minimum wage. These findings demonstrate a ‘greatness’ of the minimum wage in achieving t he Government’s aim of protecting the lowest earners from low wages, and achieving a more equal wage distribution. Despite evidence of the desired effects on wage equality, the ‘greatness’ of the national minimum wage is something that has received debate since its introduction, with both scepticism and support for its effect on the UK labour market and economy. Economic theory would suggest that in certain economic conditions, such as a recession, a national minimum wage would inflict a negative impact on employment, with employers being unable to afford workers and these workers being unable to offer their services for a lower wage to escape unemployment. Additionally, there is some evidence to suggest that employers substitute their unskilled workers for increased use of technology (Bullock et al., 2001; Gilman, 2002) to maintain productivity. Despite this, investigations into the rate of unemployment have shown few effects of a wage floor on jobs (Petongolo Van Reenen, 2011). The LPC acknowledges the existence of a pay level that would ‘destroy’ large numbers of jobs and aims to ensure that the minimum wage does not rise to this level (Manning, 2012). The LPC does, however, highlight several issues that have arisen in the labour market as a result of the minimum wage, which may compensate for not cutting employment rates. These responses to increased labour costs include cutting overtime hours, decreasing annual leave entitlement and pensions, merging pay zones, and reducing working hours (LPC, 2011). Although keeping individuals employed, these compensatory measures may mean that workers are not actually receiving a gain from the introduction of a minimum wage. However, the LPC subsequently states that reduced hours have not affected weekly earnings. Another viewpoint is that the minimum wage actually encourages people into the workforce by providing increased incentive to work. For the voluntarily unemployed, it becomes more beneficial for them to enter into work instead of receiving unemployment benefits. This may explain why any effect of the minimum wage on employment levels in low-earners has been negligible (Manning, 2012). It is also important to consider the effects of having to pay a minimum wage on the employers. Some businesses have responded to the minimum wage by increasing their prices, or accepting a lower profit margin (LPC, 2011). This may have implications for demand for products, and lower profits will have implications for investment in technology, advancements and training, as well as business growth. Consequently, a slowing in business growth has implications for employment, living standards, and consumer confidence (Riley, 2006). Whilst employers may suffer with increased labour costs, the minimum wage has also been suggested to have an impact on the productivity of workers. Standard neo-classical models would suggest that when introducing a minimum wage, all workers producing an output (marginal product) below that of the wage rate would likely be dismissed, as the firm substitutes labour for capital. The productivity of the workforce would therefore rise, as the same level of output w ould be required from fewer labour inputs (Forth O’Mahoney, 2003). If this scenario holds true, it is evident again that unemployment would likely increase. Alternatively, as suggested by efficiency wage theory (Rebitzer Taylor, 1995), employees may increase their marginal product in response to increased motivation from higher wages. This may also occur as a result of further employer supervision of effort as employers seek to protect their increased investment. Additional hypotheses suggest that to avoid dismissal, workers seek to increase their skills and education and therefore the quality of their output (Cubitt Heap, 1999). This has positive implication for employment, as employers will not need to dismiss any workers and therefore output would rise equally with labour costs (Forth O’Mahoney, 2003). Opposing theories claim that rather than providing incentive to gain skills and remain in employment, the guarantee that all workers receive above a minimum amount will lead to lack of labour force skill development. It has been proposed that this occurs because young unskilled workers are enticed out of education and training and into the job market (Neumark Wascher, 2008) something that has been shown in other countries. The UK’s LPC are concerned that there not be an incentive for young people to leave training (Croucher White, 2011) and additionally have observed that the decision of young adults to stay in full-time education has been unaffected by wage rates (De Coulon et al., 2010). Whilst the improvement of pay inequality at the bottom end of the wage distribution cannot be disputed, raising the pay of low skilled workers may lead to the demand for companies to ensure the maintenance of pay differentials as higher-up workers insist on pay rises. In a case study, (Denvir Loukas, 2006) found that 56% of companies interviewed had changed their hourly pay rates for those earning above the minimum wage in order to maintain wage differentials. This puts further pressure on companies’ labour costs and pressure to maintain employment levels, prices and profits. Whilst the minimum wage is pulling the lower skilled workers out of poverty, it may seek to push the wages of those greater skilled and earning employees even higher, and thus furthering inequality at the between those earning in the middle and top percentiles. This is something noted by Manning (2011) who asserts that it is those earning in the middle part of the income distribution that are feeling the real squeeze in their incomes. Although the minimum wage serves to protect those at the lower end of the wage spectrum, those earning higher rates may also be pushed out of employment or forced to absorb the work of lower skilled workers as employers are forced to make redundancies. The introduction of a national minimum wage means that all workers meeting the criteria, regardless of location within the country, are entitled to receive the minimum rate or above. This has implications for those living in more expensive regions of the UK, where the minimum wage has greater ‘bite’, reaching further up the wage distributions in certain geographic regions than others (Stewart, 2002). This therefore means that the effect of the minimum wage and way that it works will differ in each geographical area. Some theorists argue for a regional variation in minimum wages (Smith, 2006), founded on the argument that employment and company efficiency in certain regions may be adversely affected by a minimum wage rate that is above the region’s productivity levels (Dolton et al., 2008). For example, whilst a higher minimum wage may be applicable in a highly competitive and productive capital city, this wage rate may not be sustained in a rural community with lo wer costs of living. It must also be appreciated however, that productivity, unemployment and employment rates have varied across regions from well before the inception of the minimum wage. Investigation by Dolton et al. (2008) elucidates the impact of regional variation on minimum wage effects, showing that areas where the minimum wage has a larger bite experienced larger declines in the 50th percentile- 5th percentile wage ratios than elsewhere. They additionally found that these areas were more susceptible to higher rates of unemployment in the first few years of the minimum wage introduction, which then reversed with these areas experiencing lower rates of unemployment in the years to follow. Additionally, the discrepancy between the minimum wage bite between geographical regions does not just have implications for the labour market as a whole, it also affects individual workers differently. Whilst the wage has been introduced to reduce poverty, increase living standards and inequality amongst the low skilled workers, it seems ironic that this may be a case more greatly than for others dependent on where they live. Consider the case of a set of twin brothers, who both work as toilet attendants. On the minimum wage, twin A, who lives in Northumbria has a purchasing power 10% greater than twin B, who lives in greater London, meaning that twin B has to work an eleven days to be able to purchase the same goods as twin A (Office for National Statistics, 2010). Disparity such as this has been recognised by the UK government, reflected in the introduction of the London Living Wage, whereby London address holder employees of Greater London Authority member companies (such as the NHS) benefit from an increased wage rate. Overall, the ‘greatness’ of the minimum wage can be seen in its assurance that no employees of working age will be subjected to low or unfair wage rates. The national minimum wage ensures that no members of the labour force need live in poverty, although the regional variations in such a statement have implications. The quality of life and fairness for individuals provided by the minimum wage is of great importance, and this is something that is emphasised by the UK government’s efforts to ensure compliance to the minimum wage jurisdiction. Despite benefit for many individuals, a national minimum wage presents many implications for countries’ labour markets and economies. The results of these implications can be controlled with an effective wage floor rate, and the issue of balance should be carefully considered and monitored by any regulatory body. References Bullock, A., Hughes, A., Wilkinson, F. (2001) The Impact of the National Minimum Wage on Small and Medium Sized Businesses in the Cleaning and Security Sectors, Cambridge: Centre for Business Research. Butcher, T., Dickens, R., Manning, A. (2012) â€Å"The Impact of the National Minimum Wage on the Wage Distribution†. Research Report for the Low Pay Commission. Croucher, R. Rizov, M. (2011) The Impact of the UK National Minimum Wage on Productivity by Low-paying Sectors and Firm-size Groups. Research Report for the Low Pay Commission. Cubitt, R. Heap, S. (1999) Minimum wage legislation, investment and human capital, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 46, pp. 135-57. De Coulon, A., E. Meschi, E., Swaffield, J., Vignoles, A., Wadsworth, J. (2010) Minimum Wage and Staying-on Rates in Education for Teenagers. Research Report for the Low Pay Commission. Denvir, A. Loukas, G. (2006) The Impact of the National Minimum Wage: Pay Differentials and Workplace Change. Research Report for the Low Pay Commission. Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2011) National Minimum Wage Annual Report for 2010/11. London: Crown Copyright. Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2010) National Minimum Wage Compliance Strategy. London: Crown Copyright. Dickens, R., Manning, A (2004) Has the national minimum wage reduced UK wage inequalityJournal of the Royal Statistical Society A, 167, 613-626. diNardo, J., Fortin, N., Lemieux, T. (1996) Labour market institutions and the distribution of wages, 1973-1993: A semi-parametric approach. Economertrica, 64(5), pp. 1001-1045. Dolton, P., Rosazza-Bondibene, C. Wadsworth, J. (2008) The Geography of the National MW, Report for the Low Pay Commission. Gilman, M., Edwards, P., Ram, M. Arrowsmith, J. (2002) Pay determination in small firms in the UK: the case of the response to the National Minimum Wage, Industrial Relations Journal, 33(1), pp. 52- 67. HM Revenue and Customs (n.d) The National Minimum Wage [WWW] HM Revenue and Customs. Available from: http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/paye/payroll/day-to-day/nmw.htm [Accessed 01/08/2012]. Forth, J., O’Mahoney, M. (2003) The impact of the national minimum wage on labour productivity: An analysis using industry data. Research Report for the Low Pay Commission. French, S., Mohrke, J. (2006) â€Å"The Impact of ‘new arrivals’ upon the North Staffordshire labour market†. Research Report for the low Pay Commission. Lee, D. (1999) Wage inequality in the United States during the 1980s: Rising dispersion or falling minimum wageQuarterly Journal of Economics, 114(3), pp. 977-1023. Low Pay Commission (2007) National Minimum Wage, Low Pay Commission Report. London: Crown Copyright. Low Pay Commission (2011) National Minimum Wage, Low Pay Commission Report. London: Crown Copyright. Low Pay Commission (2012) National Minimum Wage, Low Pay Commission Report. London: Crown Copyright. Machin, S., Manning, A., Rahman, L. (2003) Where Minimum Wage Bites Hard: The Introduction of the UK National Minimum Wage to a Low Wage Sector. Journal of the European Economic Association, 1(1), pp. 154-180. Manning, A. (2011) Wage inequality and job polarization show that it is time to be pursuing from the highest-earners to those with middle and lower incomes. [WWW] British Politics and Policy at LSE. Available from: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/38319/ (Accessed: 01/08/2012). Moore, S., Watson, M (2009) UNISON Migrant Workers Participation Project Evaluation Report. London: UNISON Communications Unit. Neumark, D. W. Wascher, (2008). Minimum Wages. Cambridge: MIT Press. Office for National Statistics (2010) UK Relative Regional Consumer Price levels for Goods and Services for 2010. Office for National Statistics. Petrongolo, B., Van Reenen, J. (2011) The level of youth unemployment is at a record high. Policy makers should focus on strengthening and refining welfare-to-work and education-to-work programmes and forget about caps on immigration or reductions in the minimum wage which would do nothing to help. [WWW] British Politics and Policy at LSE. Available from: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/38022/. (Accessed: 01/08/2012). Rebitzer, J., Taylor, L. (1995). The consequences of minimum wage laws: Some new theoretical ideas. Journal of Public Economics, 56, pp. 245-255. Riley, J (2006) AS Macroeconomics/ International Economy [WWW] Tutor2u. Available from: http://tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/as-macro-economic-growth.html {Accessed: 01/08/2012}. Smith, D. (2006) Does Britain Have Regional Justice or Injustice in its Government Spending and Taxation?, Economic Research Council Digest, 37(1), pp. 9-26. Stewart M. (2002) Estimating the impact of the minimum wage using geographical wage variation, Oxford Bulletin of Economics Statistics, 64(5), pp. 583-606. How to cite thesis statement example – pros and cons of minimum wage uk, Essay examples

AssignmentIII The Idea Of People Being Social In Nature Can Be Clearly Essay Example For Students

AssignmentIII The Idea Of People Being Social In Nature Can Be Clearly Essay illustrated by the groups, or communities that one sees all around them. Groups of individuals share a common perspective of what reality consists of, this is known as culture(Charon, 1997). This reality is perceived through our interactions with others in the group and by what our position is within that group(Charon, 1997). The way in which we see the world is in a sense limited by both our position and our interactions. In order to actually fill your position in the group you need to have a working set of ideas and concepts to get the job done(Charon, 1997). This working set of ideas is actually formed by the interactions that you have with other people who have the same position as you. It works for everyone else, and therefore you can t just randomly choose another set of concepts and ideas andexpect them to work, so you choose the ideas, concepts, and means that your peers use(Charon, 1997). For instance, if you are a Chemist, you obtain knowledge and perspectives consistent of your environment, i.e. chemistry, you would not learn a great deal about molecular biology because those concepts and ideas are not useful to you. We don t have a complete picture of everything around usbecause we perceive only the things which fit into our social structure(Charon, 1997). Reality is not a Velcro Nerf dart toss of facts and ideas, but rather a magnetic selection of those facts and ideas which are conducive to our pre-constructed structure. To one man power and riches are the greatest thing to achieve, but to a bum The oiliest thing is to have a warm placeto sleep (Coleman,1982:207). It s unfortunate that these conceptscan be utilized by a dictator to gain control and power for his own ideas and concepts. Hitler was just such a man, he used a social construct known as patriotism, that is, sense of pride and connection with everyone within a society. Hitler rallied people by the droves claiming economic bloom, and prosperity for all if they submit to the organization, and promised death to any that were not within that organization. He kept them thinking the same thoughts, holding the same beliefs, and striving towards a common cause, and six million Jewish people gave their lives up for not being part of his concept of community. The German people believed in the concepts and ideas because Hitler was going to bring them prosperity once he got rid of those niggardly Jews . When someone is told to electrocute another person to train them to respond with positive answers only, they take it as their role to do so without questioning, even if the shock was strong enough to be lethal(Meyers, 1970). Such was the case in a study done in North Carolina(Meyers, 1970). It illustrates how we are socialized to be an equal member of the community. We do and believe that which is necessary to fulfill our role in the community, and so our perspective is that of our communities. (Charon, 1997) In short, we all are socialized into the people we become, and we only associate with people that are socialized in a similar manner as ourselves(Charon, 1997). Those that are similar form a community and teach new members of the community what their status quo is through example and explicit instruction. And this is what makes us social in nature, that we rely on others to justify ourselves, this need for acceptance leads us to alter our perspective to match that of those we wish to be accepted by. The social structure being what it is, there is a situation in which ones community can be very limiting. Take the homeless for example, a homeless person has ragged clothes, no address, no phone number, sometimes no identification, and no resources for obtaining these(Coleman, 1982). .u715b20ebf4d0e7133c5038477e815482 , .u715b20ebf4d0e7133c5038477e815482 .postImageUrl , .u715b20ebf4d0e7133c5038477e815482 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u715b20ebf4d0e7133c5038477e815482 , .u715b20ebf4d0e7133c5038477e815482:hover , .u715b20ebf4d0e7133c5038477e815482:visited , .u715b20ebf4d0e7133c5038477e815482:active { border:0!important; } .u715b20ebf4d0e7133c5038477e815482 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u715b20ebf4d0e7133c5038477e815482 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u715b20ebf4d0e7133c5038477e815482:active , .u715b20ebf4d0e7133c5038477e815482:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u715b20ebf4d0e7133c5038477e815482 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u715b20ebf4d0e7133c5038477e815482 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u715b20ebf4d0e7133c5038477e815482 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u715b20ebf4d0e7133c5038477e815482 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u715b20ebf4d0e7133c5038477e815482:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u715b20ebf4d0e7133c5038477e815482 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u715b20ebf4d0e7133c5038477e815482 .u715b20ebf4d0e7133c5038477e815482-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u715b20ebf4d0e7133c5038477e815482:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Personal Narrative Essay Example High School A homeless person would need a job to get the necessary components needed to get a job, and so they have restricted life chances(Coleman, 1982). The homeless learn this and limit themselves further by believing that their position is the only one they can hold, and have no choice(Coleman, 1982).BibliographyBibliographyBIBLIOGRAPHY Charon, M. Joel. 1998. Ten Questions, A Sociological Perspective.California: Wadsworth Publishing Company. Coleman, R. John. 1982 Diary of a homeless man Pp.203-215in Down to Earth Sociology,Introductory readings, edited by James M. Henslin. New York,NY: The Free Press. Meyer, Phillip. 1970 If Hitler Asked you to Electrocute aStranger, Would You? Probably Pp. 186-192 in Down to EarthSociology,Introductory readings, edited by James M. Henslin. New York,NY: The Free Press.

YOY Percentage Change in Key U.S. Economic Indicators

U.S. Economic Performance Measures 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Real GDP Growth (average annual) 3.10% 2.66% 1.91% -0.34% -3.49% 3.03% Personal Consumption Expenditures 3.34% 2.85% 2.30% -0.55% -1.89% 2.03% Gross Private Domestic Investment 5.54% 2.74% -3.24% -10.17% -25.03% 17.93% Net Exports of Goods Services -5.06% -0.93% 11.05% 23.74% 27.49% -17.56% Government Consumption Expenditures 0.33% 1.36% 1.34% 2.60% 1.69% 0.68% Standard CPI (average annual) 3.39% 3.24% 2.85% 3.85% -0.34% 1.64% Unemployment Rate (average annual) 5.10% 4.60% 4.60% 5.80% 9.30% 9.60% 10 Year Treasury Rate (average annual) 4.29% 4.79% 4.63% 3.67% 3.26% 3.21% *Sources:   Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Commerce/BEAAdvertising We will write a custom term paper sample on YOY Percentage Change in Key U.S. Economic Indicators specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The four major macroeconomic themes that stand out and that have affec ted the profitability of the commercial banking industry since 2007 are: The level of real national income (GDP) A country’s gross domestic product, or GDP, is the price tag placed the economic products produced in any given year. It is measured by adding (personal consumption expenditure, gross private domestic investment, net exports of goods and services and government consumption) minus the imports† (Wolfe,2012, par.1). A â€Å"real† Gross Domestic Product considers inflation and the measure of the value of the goods and services using their prices from the previous year. A country’s real national income and rates of interest can be connected to the effect that change in income has on the interest rates (Wolfe par. 3) Real national income decreased from 2007 to 2009. This could have a negative effect on the commercial banking industry in the following ways: Reduced real GDP can result in reduction of the rates of interests on loans. This is because red uction in GDP can mean the economy is in a recession, therefore less investors will be spending their money and hence there is less demand for funds. As a result, the banks are likely to reduce the lending rates therefore reducing its profits. Reduced GDP can also mean that the government will reduce benefits such as subsidies therefore discouraging investments the more.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The real national income increased from 2009 to 2010. This could have a positive effect on the commercial banking industry in the following way: Increase in real GDP or national income can cause interest rates to rise. This is because the economy is performing well (booming) and therefore more people will be investing. Investors take advantage of the booming economy by establishing monetary, educational and administrative institutions and facilities. In order to finance s uch projects, they will have to obtain funds. Mostly, the funding is in form of loans and mortgages from banks. This demand for loans will force the banks to increase the lending rates resulting in increased profits. Unemployment rate It is the percentage of the workforce that is registered as unemployed. The unemployment rate increased from 2007 to 2010. This could have been caused by recession among other factors. Unemployment reduces the level of investments because investors feel that the market lacks sufficient money to buy their commodities. When investors are discouraged from investing, the demand for funding reduces. In addition, the unemployed persons tend to spend and consume less (Kibilko par. 2). They don’t have a tendency of acquiring loans either. As a result of reduced funding demand or loans, banks will reduce the interest rates consequently reducing their profits. Standard CPI (Consumer Price Index) It is a measure of weighted average of prices of a basket of consumer goods and services. Changes in the standard CPI are used in assessing price changes that are associated with the cost of living. There was increase of standard CPI between 2007 and 2008. This could denote a period of inflation. Inflation is accompanied by falling purchasing power since the cost of living rises when inflation rate increases. Due to inflation, investments are also likely to reduce since the prices of building or investment materials are high.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on YOY Percentage Change in Key U.S. Economic Indicators specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These factors can lead to reduced lending rates by the banks (â€Å"Consumer Price Index:Definition of Consumer Price Index-Cpi† par. 1). As a result, there is reduced profitability in the commercial banking industry. On the other hand, there was fall of the standard CPI in 2009. The drop is an indicator of deflation. De flation means that the cost of living of living is low. This will increase the purchasing power of consumers. The investors are attracted by positive consumption habits and therefore they will want to invest more at this time. In order to obtain funding, investors will end borrowing loans or commodities from the banks. The banks as a result, will increase the lending rates. As a result, the commercial banking industry realizes increase in profits. 10 Year Treasury Rate The Treasury rate refers to the recent rate of interest that investors acquire from debt securities that are issued by the Treasury. The federal government uses various ways of borrowing money from the public. One such method is by issuing 10-year notes which earn interest in every six months (Langsdorf par. 2). 10 Year Treasury Rates reduced between 2007 and 2010 meaning that investors earned less interest from them. Investors get discouraged by investments that yield little income to them. That is why many big inves tors go for the long term instruments such as bonds and notes. Such investors expect high benefits in the long run. If such expectations are not met, it could discourage them. With fewer investments, banks will experience reduction in the level of borrowers. They will result to reducing their lending rates in order encourage borrowers. The repercussions of this are that the profits decline.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Agreement or disagreement with specific numbers including comments about the Congress, the White House, the international scene, and the Fed up to date Real GDP Growth The real GDP growth is expected to rise from 2.2% in February 2012 to 2.6% in February 2013. I tend to agree with the focus because there arms or bodies in the government that have authority to implement favorable rules that can increase national income. For instance, Congress has power to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among states. Actually, the sixteenth Amendment gives Congress the power to collect a national income tax without apportioning it among the states. Therefore, real national income is likely to increase given these circumstances. Internationally, businesses are stable and this could work out performance The Fed also has the authority to affect economic growth positively. For instance, it can regulate the monetary policies about price control, interest and tax rates in order for them to favo r economic growth. Standard CPI The Standard Consumer Price Index is expected to remain constant at 2.1%. I agree. The level of prices is likely to be the same because the consumer levels are expected to change narrowly. Since the level of income growth is minimal, it is possible that consumer’s expenditure levels will be almost insignificant. Additionally, the level of government spending will be less. With reduced spending patterns, demand for commodities will be minimal and since prices are determined by demand, the prices of commodities are likely to remain constant. Unemployment Rate I disagree that the level of unemployment will reduce from 8.3% in February 2012 to 7.9% in February 2013. This is because the policies being put in place to control the rate of unemployment are either slow in implementation or they are ineffective. For instance, the Congress had to debate on how to extend federal unemployment benefits which were to expire at the end of the 2011. Actually th e law makers were uncertain how long it was going to take and the strings to be attached to an extension. This uncertainty in solving important issues such as unemployment is an indicator that the level of unemployment is not likely to reduce any time soon (Hook and Peterson 22). 10 Year Treasury Rate 10 Year Treasury Rate is expected to rise from 2.2% in February 2012 to 2.9% in 013. I agree. This is a government borrowing instrument that takes an investor up to 10 years to recover. Given that the international markets are stabilizing after recession, many countries are increasing their investments locally and internationally. Additionally, many investors are coming up in order to take advantage of the stable and promising income. They invest intensely on local and international treasury instruments as well as establishment of international markets. As a result of the extensive investments, and the favorable market conditions, the investors are likely to benefit from increased inco me in interest. Fed Actions The Fed conducts monetary policy. It does this through three means: open market operations, changes in reserve requirements and changes in the rates of discounts. Government bonds, securities, price control, and subsidies. Reserve requirements is the money that the banks are expected to maintain for smooth operations. â€Å"Discount rates are benefits obtained from massive buying of commodities such as reduced prices† (â€Å"Cliffnotes: Monetary Policy† par. 1). Fed Actions over the next six months In order to improve economic growth, I expect Fed to increase its open market operations such as purchase of government bonds in order to obtain more funds from the public. When Fed borrows from the public it will increase income capacity. Additionally, it can increase reserve requirements of the banking sector which will increase their lending capacity, and investments. As a result, the economy’s GDP is expected to rise. Fed Chair should t ry to create a stable currency and reduce inflation rate instead of going by the Fed’s main monetary policy which is price control. Since price should be controlled by market forces, Fed should consider using Friedman’s suggestions to stabilize the dollar. For instance, it should use other monetary policies such as the regulation of the monetary base, reduction of inflation and unemployment rates. Fed should also aim at job creation and educating job seekers so as to overcome obstacles that prevent equal employment. It can do this by targeting employment initiatives, educational job training† (Weller par. 2). It should also exercise collective bargaining of wages and benefits in order to reduce the gap between the high and low income earners. Educating people on equality can also reduce this gap in earning. Encouraging of self-employment through creation of youth funds can also help alleviate unemployment rate and poverty levels in the short run. Since the job ma rket is saturated, Fed can allocate funds to the unemployed in order to help them implement creative ideas. This way, the level of income is likely to increase. Fed can also organize trade fairs and seminars in order to help businesses to promote and advertise the local products. This will increase awareness and sale of such products. With time, the level of income will increase. Fed Actions over the next two years In the long term I expect Fed to change its monetary policies. It should change its rules and fundamentals in order to have a wider base of controlling economic growth. Instead of Fed using the price control as its main tool to regulate macroeconomic factors of the economy, it can use other tools such as reduction of unemployment and inflation, reduction in tax levels, subsidies, reduction in trade regulations and lowering of interest and exchange rates. As a result, the level of real GDP is expected to rise. The White House is also encouraging short term borrowings in or der to achieve long term solutions. President Obama advocates of this economic mechanism. Although short term borrowing can lead the country to financial crisis, if used carefully, it can generate income as well as create employment in the long run. Fed should also consider increasing its exports. This involves increase in selling of the country’s goods and services to international buyers. When exports rise above the level of imports, income is likely to increase. On the other hand, the country should reduce its imports by encouraging local production. This will mean that it is spending less in obtaining goods and services. Another strategy is removal of tariffs on imports. If the country removes tariffs on its imports, it is very possible that its neighboring countries will remove tariffs from its exports. This way, the level of income will rise because there will be increased revenue from increased exports. Conclusion Macroeconomics involves external factors that affect th e level of economic growth. These external factors include national income (GDP), unemployment rate, standard CPI and treasury rates. GDP growth is the value of a nation’s products and services. Its determining factors are consumer expenditure, exports, government expenditure, investments and imports. Increase in real GDP determines the interest rates, level of expenditure, and investment in a country therefore affecting borrowing and the level of profitability of the banking industry. On the contrary, decrease in GDP will result to reduced profits. Unemployment rate is another external factor that affects the profitability of the banking industry. It reduces the expenditure levels therefore discouraging investors. Once investors feel that their goods will lack sufficient demand, they resist from taking the risks and therefore shy away from investing. This affects the commercial banking industry since there will be reduced borrowing from the investors. Otherwise, when the rat e of unemployment is low, the level of profits is expected to rise. Standard CPI accounts for the level of prices as determined by consumer demand. When the consumer demand is increasing, it can indicate inflation which subsequently means that the cost of living is high. This is accompanied by reduced borrowing and loss in profits by the banks. When the Standard CPI is reducing, it can be an indication of deflation. Deflation is associated with lower cost of living and improved expenditure patterns. As a result, the banking industry achieves increased borrowing for investment purposes therefore increasing profits. An increase in the 10 Year Treasury Rate means that the investors can reap higher interest incomes from their investments. They will in turn result to borrowing from the banks in order to increase their investments. This results in improved profits by the banking industry. The Fed can initiate several factors in order to increase the level of economic growth. These are sub sidies price controls, regulation of interest, import and export rates, incentives, removal of tariffs, encouragement of local production, increase in exports, decrease in imports, seminars and trade fairs and allocation of youth funds to encourage innovation. With these factors in place, the level of economic growth is very likely to increase. The level of GDP is expected to rise as well as the 10 Year Treasury Rates. On the other hand, the unemployment rate will reduce, as well as the Standard CPI. As a result of increased economic growth, the banking, educational, administrative, manufacturing and other industries in general, are expected to increase their profits. Works Cited Cliffnotes: Monetary Policy. Web. Consumer Price Index: Definition of Consumer Price Index-Cpi. Web. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/consumerpriceindex.asp#axzz1rA0dptHA. Hook, Janet and Kristina Peterson. â€Å"Congress Wrestles with 2012 Unemployment Benefits Extension.† The Wall Street Journa l (2011). Print. Kibilko, John. The Effects of Unemployment. Web. https://www.sapling.com/7762708/effects-unemployment. Langsdorf, Jonathan. Treasury Rate Definition. Web. https://pocketsense.com/treasury-rate-definition-6680672.html. Weller, Christian. Spotlight on Poverty and Opportunity: Short-Term Labor Solutions Can Help Persistent Poverty among Minorities in the Long Term. Web. Wolfe, Martin. The Effect of Real Gdp on Interest Rate. Web. https://bizfluent.com/about-6632885-effect-real-gdp-interest-rate.html. This term paper on YOY Percentage Change in Key U.S. Economic Indicators was written and submitted by user K0lten to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Kazakhstan Political Parties essays

Kazakhstan Political Parties essays Evolution of political parties of Kazakhstan has its roots at the beginning of the 20th century. At that period Kazakhstan was a part of Russian Empire. The increased Russian influence and colonization policy in Kazakhstan conduced to the creation of the first political party of Kazakhstan, Alash Orda in 1917. This party was formed by the Kazakh aristocracy against the Tsarist regime. The main goals of the party were political self-determination, , the defense of Kazakh land from further Russian invasion, the creation of new land regulation, the formation and maintenance of Kazakh written language and the promotion of educational programs. Alash Orda was the first manifestation of the national political consciousness of the Kazakh people. Being a part of the Soviet Empire, Kazakhstan could not avoid the omnipresence of the Communist party. The Bolsheviks tried to suppress nationally oriented movement and in 1928 Alash Orda lost its ruling positions to the Communists. For seventy years Kazakhstan was under the control of the Communist party. Economic, cultural, and social life of the country was subordinated to the unlimited power of the party. All other political parties and movements were prohibited. People with different views were imprisoned or even exterminated as it had happened during the Stalinist purges in the 1920s and 1930s. Many brilliant Kazakh scholars and representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia were declared as enemies and killed. The adventure of Gorbachev to power in 1995 put an end to the monopoly of the Communist party. His unsuccessful political and economic reforms spurred the disintegration of the Soviet Union as well as Communist party, which already suffered from corruption, inefficiency, and conservatism. The fall of the Soviet Union and the loose of the leading role of the Communist party in Kazakhstan led to the emergence of different informal movements and politica...

ARGUMENT #1 MINIMUM WAGE JOBS ARE STEPPING STONES Essay

ARGUMENT #1 MINIMUM WAGE JOBS ARE STEPPING STONES - Essay Example In addition, a record of coherent result, which clarifies when it can be said (and what it intends to say) that some case or disposition is a consistent outcome of an alternative. typology of contention which gives a structure of contention and examination by identifying the fundamental sorts of argument that need to be recognized deductive is monistic, henceforth one of the least complex typologies; others will recognize in a general sense various types of arguments. An account of a proper argument that points out general criteria for deductive, inductive, and conductive contentions;. The meanings of constructive contention outline which characterize great examples of thinking (sensible engages power, sensible assaults against the individual; and so forth.) and some hypothetical record of false notions and the part they can (and cannot) play in understanding and evaluating casual contentions. A record of the part that group of onlookers (emotion) and ethos and other logical thoughts ought to play in examining and evaluating contention and lastly that a clarification of the rationalistic commitments that join to arguments specifically sorts of settings. The difference of contention and persuasion has some recorded essentialist insofar as it is the premise of the refinement in the middle of rationale and talk as they are generally comprehended — rationale picking contention as its center, talk picking influence. This being said, the qualification in the middle of influence and contention remains a slippery one when one considers the contentions one finds in casual talk. Absolutely it must be said that engages feeling and character assume a huge part in standard contentions that happen in social, moral and political settings. In a contention about atomic strategy, for instance, it would be manufactured to uproot the feeling inborn in a depiction of the results of atomic war say, the the effects of

Deep sea exploration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Deep sea exploration - Essay Example This scientific act can be seen as good or bad depending on the perspective of an individual. From the beneficial point of view, deep-sea exploration can enhance human life on the planet through revelation of new sources of drugs, food, energy resources. The information from the deep-sea exploration can help foretell earthquakes and tsunamis and help scientist to understand how these affects change of on climate and human life as a whole. On the other hand, it can be seen as a threat to human life in the following ways: ocean acidification and atmospheric ozone depletion. Species like sponges normally have chemicals compounds that they use for defense purposes when they are under attack. These chemicals have very essential components that may of great use in the manufacture of new medical drugs (pg 20). These drugs can cure for various diseases such as heart diseases, cancer, asthma and arthritis, which are the most killing diseases in the world. This species are proving to be of very importance to the health of the humankind as indeed the cure of all this diseases can increase an individual’s ability to live longer hence contributing one way or another to the positive development of the whole world (Koslow, J2009). Scientists have for long tried to discover new pharmaceuticals for various diseases, which have made them to spend a lot of time and resources, and sometimes ending in the total disappointment. If they encourage deep -sea exploration then there are no doubts that they will reap so many benefits from it according to the studies (Kos low, J2009). Deep-sea exploration can also improve ocean literacy and inspire new carriers to the growing population of the youths. These carriers may include engineering and mathematics. Deep-sea exploration creates adventurous discoveries that the youths find to more exciting to be part of. The urge to discover new ideas concerning the deep sea has provided the basic knowledge for problem

Healthcare Governance and Management

Healthcare Governance and Management The healthcare organisation is complex and dynamic. This is because its practices are vital because the healthcare systems are increasingly and consistently facing challenges that if they provide no solutions, turmoil happens and lives become significantly affected. Berg, M., Black, G. (2014). Clinical governance and management constitute a necessary framework that aids in the continuum of organisational processes in the pursuit of well-being and health as collective goals. Berends, L. Crinall, K. (2014), Kickbusch, I. Gleicher, D. (2017) and Ross, F. and et al. (2014). Being mindful of the differences between clinical governance and management is crucial. There must be caution and precise boundaries needed to make sure that governance does not become entangled with management. Berends, L. Crinall, K. (2014). The entire concept of separating health care governor (or board) from healthcare manager can be confusing, but a division of duties must be established to clarify responsibilities and roles in the execution of the activities. Brennan, N. M., Flynn, M. A. (2013). To begin with, governing and managing are both influencing from a position of authority. Berends, L. Crinall, K. (2014) and Scott, L., Caress, A. (2005). And this is where governance and management become different governing is more of putting a competent person into a particular position while managing is overseeing the operations. (?) Healthcare governance deals with the big business picture of a health organisation; it is the body which makes the policies by which the management follows to have standards. It is a system by which managing bodies, managers, clinicians and staff share responsibility and accountability for the quality of care, continuously improving, minimising risks and fostering an environment of excellence in care for patients. Gupte, A., Mclntosh, B., Sheppy, B. (2012); Gottwald, M. Landsdown, G. E. (2014); Herd, G., Musaad, S., Herd, G., Musaad, S. A. (2015). Whereas, management provides the day-to-day activities of order and consistency of the organisation by following the management process of planning, organising, staffing, directing, and controlling members to ensure that they remain committed to their obligations. Day, G. E., Leggat, S. G. (2015) and Marquis, B. Huston, C. (2012). Multiple published research literature gave different definitions, yet it has a common idea that both bodies must have the principles of transparency, participation, responsiveness, equity, efficiency and effectivity, sustainability and accountability in improving the quality of services and patient safety.ÂÂ   These principles apply to any organisation whether local such as Lakes District Health Board or national like Ministry of Health. Gauld, R. Horsburgh, S. (2012), Curran, C., Totten, M. (2010) and Laouer, R. (2011). Separated, different, hierarchal or not clinical governance and health care management both define and identify the plans of the organisation as well as implement and put strategies into actions to achieve goals. Kumar, S., Adhish, V. S., Deoki, N. (2014). Although a distinction exists, they share a common goal- about people, and it covers the whole patients journey including the horizontal integration across the different levels of services and sector. Dr. Brown, J. and et al. (2009), Bismark, M. M., and et al. (2013), Gillam, S., & Siriwardena, A. N. (2013) and Blegen, N. E., & Severinsson, E. (2011). Resources: Bader, B. (2008). Distinguishing governance from management. Retrieved from http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/academicservices/documents/Academic%20Administration%20Workshops/Workshop%201/Distinguishing%20Governance%20from%20Management%20-%20Workshop%201.pdf Berends, L. Crinall, K. (2014). Management and Practice in Health and Human services organisations. Victoria, AU: Oxford University Press. p68. Berg, M., Black, G. (2014). A Canadian perspective on clinical governance. Clinical Governance: An International Journal, 19(4), 314-321. doi:10.1108/CGIJ-10-2014-0031 Bismark, M. M., Walter, S. J., Studdert, D. M. (2013). The role of boards in clinical governance: activities and attitudes among members of public health service boards in Victoria. Australian Health Review, 37(5), 682-687. doi:10.1071/AH13125 Blegen, N. E., Severinsson, E. (2011). Leadership and management in mental health nursing. Journal of Nursing Management, 19(4), 487-497. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2011.01237.x Brennan, N. M., Flynn, M. A. (2013). Differentiating clinical governance, clinical management and clinical practice. Clinical Governance: An international journal, 18(2), 114-131. doi:10.1108/14777271311317909 Curran, C., Totten, M. (2010). Expanding the role of nursing in health care governance. Nursing Economic, 28(1), 44-46. Day, G. E., Leggat, S. G. (2015). Leading and managing health services an Australian perspective. Port Melbourne, AU: Cambridge University Press. p5. Dr. Brown, J. and etal. (2009). Ministerial task group in clinical leadership in good hands transforming clinical governance in New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www.asms.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/In-Good-Hands-2009_151202.pdf Gauld, R. Horsburgh, S. (2012). Clinical Governance Assessment Project: Final Report on a National Health Professional Survey and Site Visits to 19 New Zealand DHBs. Dunedin: Centre for Health Systems, University of Otago. Gillam, S., Siriwardena, A. N. (2013). Leadership and management for quality. Quality in Primary Care, 21(4), 253-259. Gottwald, M. Landsdown, G. E. (2014). Clinical Governance Improving the quality of healthcare for patients and service users. New York, NY: Open University Press. p2. Gupte, A., Mclntosh, B., Sheppy, B. (2012). When two worlds collide: Corporate and clinical governance. British Journal of Healthcare Management, 18(12), 619-620. Herd, G., Musaad, S., Herd, G., Musaad, S. A. (2015). Clinical governance and point-of-care testing at health provider level. New Zealand Medical Journal, 128(1417), 41-46. Kickbusch, I. Gleicher, D. (2017). Governance for health in the 21st century. Retrieved from http://www.euro.who.int/en/publications/abstracts/governance-for-health-in-the-21st-century Kumar, S., Adhish, V. S., Deoki, N. (2014). Introduction to Strategic Management and Leadership for Health Professionals. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 39(1), 13-16. doi:10.4103/0970-0218.126345 Laouer, R. (2011). Physicians in management: a case study of their role in the governance structures in the French hospital boardroom. International Journal of Clinical Leadership, 17(2), 103-109. Lau, R., Cross, W., Moss, C., Campbell, A., De Castro, M., Oxley, V. (2014). Leadership and management skills of general practice nurses: Experience or education?. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 20(6), 655-661. doi:10.1111/ijn.12228 Marquis, B. Huston, C. (2012). Leadership roles and management functions in Nursing. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Ross, F., Smith, P., Byng, R., Christian, S., Allan, H., Price, L., Brearley, S. (2014). Learning from people with long-term conditions: New insights for governance in primary healthcare. Health Social Care in The Community, 22(4), 405-416. doi:10.1111/hsc.12097 Scott, L., Caress, A. (2005). Shared governance and shared leadership: Meeting the challenges of implementation. Journal of Nursing Management, 13(1), 4-12. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2004.00455.x

A Right Against Torture? Essay

Explain how you would try to justify an absolute right against torture, and how you would try to meet the main objections to such a proposed right. This essay sets out to deal with the very important issues raised by the practice of torture in today’s society. More precisely, the point of this paper is to defend a right against torture, of which all people should benefit, and not just any kind of right, but one of an absolute nature. In order to deal with these issues the essay will firstly justify why and absolute right against torture is mandatory from a philosophical point of view as well as a methodological one. Secondly, this essay aims to present its defences and critiques against the main objections to this proposed absolute right. In achieving both goals the paper will present empirical and normative evidence of why people from all over the world should benefit from this absolute right, and not just in writing, but also in practice. Before venturing forth with the arguments necessary to defend the absolute right against torture I will explain the term of ‘absolute right’ as it is needed so that everyone understands the importance of such a right and even more, so that everyone can acknowledge the gravity of infringing upon such a right. An absolute right is a right that cannot be infringed upon under absolutely any circumstances. The right against torture qualifies as such an absolute right under agreements such as the ECHR (European Convention on Human Rights), the UKHRA (UK Harm Reduction Alliance) and the UDHR (Universal Declaration of Human Rights). There are today 192 signatory states of the UDHR; these states are legally bound to respect all of the articles of this document. The main problem is that even though all of these states have signed the declaration, there have been reports between 1997 and 2001 of torture being practiced in 140 countries. It is therefore sad when we come to the conclusion that even though this right is one from which these people should have been protected from, that has not happened and it has not been enforced, but severely infringed upon in many of the states it should be guaranteed. An absolute right against torture as far as I am concerned should not even be defended in any kind of way, but instead it should be implied, it should be a given and it should not be a topic of conversation in any corner of the world. The reasons why I will always try and be a stalwart defender of such a right are many. The two main arguments I would like to propose in order to defend this right are the fact that torture constitutes an incredibly immoral and degrading practice, and that furthermore, torture practised in today’s society will halt, at least on some level, the capability of human beings to progress. The world has evolved from all points of view, today we live in a world that has significantly improved technologically, a world that has seen major improvements in ways of thinking, a world that is now more human rights based than ever, and yet the same world cannot seem to be able to let go of one of the most backwards practices it has ever invented, torture. The status-quo of today’s world is not violence as it was in the Middle Ages, on the contrary, we live in a world that has more and more tried to enhance its defence of human rights and to reduce the as much as possible the unnecessar y use of force, terror and violence against humanity and not only. Perhaps if we had all lived in the Middle Ages, the practice of torture would not seem as appalling as it does to so many people today. I strongly believe that torture is wrong no matter what approach I take. Torture is immoral and fundamentally wrong and it has both short-term and long-term disastrous consequences on all human beings – not just those people it is used against. Although torture has been declared an illegal it has been used many times. This means it happens in an undisclosed manner, people do not really know when and where it happens most of the times, and if they find out it is because some mistakes have been made. With the technological advancements today it is easier to capture and present to the public such acts of violence than it was before. One of the discourses on torture has been on what kind of approach should be taken. The solutions when dealing with torture are as follows: make torture legal and resort to it when needed; never resort to torture no m atter what the circumstances; declare torture illegal and always declare that torture will not be used but resort to practicing it when needed but only ‘under the radar’. The only reasonable approach as far as I am concerned is to never under any circumstances resort to torture. Using a process of elimination this is still the only reasonable opinion in regards to torture as the other two options are immoral. First of all, making torture legal should again require no arguments as to why this is immoral. The arguments are plenty and yet its defences are few if any, but first let us address the arguments against making torture a legal act in any society. This is a case that need be taken in consideration in democratic states and not autocratic ones since in those cases there is no system of checks and balances in place and the state does not answer to its citizens (who are even viewed and treated as mere subjects in some cases). In a democratic society, making torture legal seems a rather impossible task as far as I am concerned. I do not have an actual statistic regarding people’s views on torture and yet I feel confident enough to say that the majority of people would vote against it. Even if that were not the case, people would still need to know what they are voting for. Let us consider a situation where a country would like to make torture legal. The party that would like to propose such a legalization of torture would present its case and try to hide as many realities concerning torture as possible and instil a sense of constant fear into the people, explaining that many deaths would be avoided if they would be allowed to resort to torture procedures and last but not least explain the ‘ticking bomb scenario’ (to which I will come back later) and try to make it seem like a general rule rather than the exception it really is. The opposition would in this case only need to present torture as the immoral, degrading and humiliating practice it is. The best way for this would be to present acts of torture on television so that all the people that were thinking of voting in favour see what torture really is. I find it hard to believe that after such a spectacle anyone would even consider voting in order to pass the legalization of torture. For the sake of the argument let us however consider that the people, even after watching the gruesome shows of torture would still vote on behalf of making torture legal. In that situation, all we need to do is resort to Alan Dershowitz`s argument and ask ourselves whether we really want to create such a society in which someone has a right to torture. We would need to train people in special torture techniques, have companies produce torture equipment, torture rooms would no longer need to be hidden, maybe even build them in the centre of the city with glass walls so that everyone can witness what is happening in there and so even more instil fear in potential terrorists. Children would no longer say they want to be policemen, firemen, astronauts or race car drivers, but torture experts. Institutionalizing torture would lead to an increasingly violen t society, a society where normality would shift towards violence. Today many people believe and adhere to the idea that violence is not the answer; not only people, but entire societies try and uphold this idea of non-violent responses, yet by legalizing the practice of torture we would help build a society where indeed violence would be the answer. Even if no other matters, laws or practices would suffer changes directly with the exception of torture being legal that can arguably lead to a more violent society by constantly being in the minds of people as a regular occurrence. One of the major problems today that need be addressed when taking into consideration the possibility of people agreeing to make torture legal is the fact that people are most of the times concerned mainly about their own wellbeing and are hypocritical. People often judge facts or disregard certain realities because of a ‘what they don`t know won`t hurt them’ mentality. This is why they must be presented with the real humiliating act of torture; they must witnes s it in order to truly appreciate its immoral and degrading nature so that in the end they may be able to cast a vote that truly reflects their thoughts and feelings regarding this matter. This is one of the reasons why we need to have an absolute right against torture, since without it we would live in a slowly morally degrading society that allows for such horrendous acts to happen, a society that sacrifices its morals to gain what it misleadingly believes to be protection against terrorist threats. The second choice when confronted with torture would be for the government to allow for it to happen ‘under the radar’ while publicly organizing fake propaganda against it for the people. This again is very immoral. In order for a government to allow for torture to happen would mean that it is renouncing its liberal and democratic values since it would be doing something it does not have approval from its citizens to do. Torture is in all aspects immoral and should always be considered to be immoral. Torture is immoral because it dehumanizes everyone involved in it. It dehumanizes and degrades the victim, the same victim who is humiliated and treated in a way not even animals should ever be treated. It is immoral because it is an assault on human dignity. Furthermore, torture does not only dehumanize the victim, but the torturer as well. This entire process, even if done ‘under the radar’ or with public support, degrades the society as a whole with its practices and implications. The major pro torture defences are self-defence and the ‘ticking bomb scenario’. A democratic society cannot allow for torture to happen in any of these scenarios, as appealing as they might seem at a first glance. In order to understand why an outright ban should be imposed against torture and an absolute right against it be adopted we need to take a deeper look at what these scenarios bring to the negotiation table. In the self-defence scenario, where someone knows the whereabouts of a person that will die if not helped soon, some people will say that by torturing the person who is withholding the information might get them the location of the person in need of saving. This is again immoral since we`ve seen the very big problems th at come with institutionalizing torture but let`s think beyond that. Why would it ever be right to torture one person in order to save another? Sure, it is self-defence when someone assaults you and you fight back and eventually end up injuring or killing the person that tried to assault you, and it would qualify as self-defence. It would even qualify as self-defence if someone were to hold your wife at gunpoint and you would eventually manage to save her and again injure or kill the attacker because in that situation laws in most countries extend the self-defence to the person that was the victim in the first place. But there is however a difference between someone holding a gun to your loved one`s head, and that same person withholding knowledge as to where the loved one is being held and they might die if not helped in time. The difference between the above mentioned cases lies with the certainty factor and how direct the two possible crimes are. It`s one thing to have a gun held at someone`s head, where you could maybe even see the attacker pull the trigger, while a person held somewhere deprived of air maybe is not a direct ‘trigger’ being pulled; not to mention the fact that when seeing the attacker holding the gun aimed at someone makes you almost certain of their intention, while one can never be sure that the attacker even has information as to the whereabouts of the victim. Even if torture would not be completely immoral and encumbered with so many ‘plagues’ against society, the uncertainty and the level of direct or indirect connection to the crime should be enough to outright ban torture. The ‘ticking bomb scenario’ is arguably the strongest defence of pro torture theorists. For this reason I will address it now and try to explain why this case should not allow torture to happen under any circumstances and even with this scenario in mind an absolute right against torture is needed. The main argument of this scenario is that indeed a terrorist believed to have information about the location of a time bomb that will go off in a crowded place should be tortured in order to find out where the bomb is. I find this scenario quite poor in its convincing capabilities but that is not the case for many people confronted with the idea so the problem requires addressing. This scenario is ultimately used as a trap for liberals that out of principle refuse torture on any kind of basis, be it the case of legalization or of it happening ‘under the radar’. When confronted with this situation some liberals cannot hold back out of principle and beliefs anymore and indeed give in to a hypothetical situation where the torture of one terrorist would save the lives of thousands or even maybe more. This scenario is so overstretched and made to sound so simplistic that it could no longer be deemed as realistic. Sure, maybe most of the people confronted with this largely unrealistic situation mentioned above would give in; after all, it is a no brainer right? Torture one, save thousands, even more. Things are not like that though and other factors need to be taken into consideration when debating on whether or not torture should be allowed at least in these extreme situations. In this situation the overlooked factors are of decisive importance. Pro torture theorists’ make two very big mistakes (on purpose of course to mislead people); they transform this scenario into a general rule, a regular occurrence with which most of the people will be confronted at some point in their livelihood, instead of the exception it actually is. There has only been one case recorded where the Philippine authorities have tortured a terrorist for sixty-seven days in order to get information ou t of him that may have stopped an attempt to assassinate the pope and crash eleven planes into the Pacific Ocean. The planes had approximately four thousand passengers. The first problem is that this extreme act of terrorism is an exceptional occurrence and by no means a regular one, and leads us to the second huge flaw of this ‘ticking bomb scenario’, the fact that it is riddled with uncertainty. The Philippine authorities have tortured the man for such a long a time that they were themselves amazed that he was still alive when he gave them the information; so they tortured him without even being sure that he knows anything, without being sure that he would survive to give them any information at all and without actually being sure that the information he would maybe provide would indeed prove to be useful. How can it therefore ever be right even in this scenario to torture someone? It is close to impossible to ever be sure that a person actually has any useful information; it is also never a certain thing that even if he provides some information that information is true. No one s hould ever be humiliated and treated in such a way as a tortured person is since nothing can ever be one hundred per cent certain when it comes to torture because a person in the pains of torture would say anything to put an end to the pain. What if the tortured person actually does not know anything about a plot? What then? The torturer will never stop since he has to get the information out therefore he tortures with the certainty that the tortured has the information while he might actually know nothing. Should in this situation the torturer be allowed to torture the wife, children and other relatives in order to get the information out? Where would this entire process stop? After all he might know something; even if after he has been tortured and watched his wife be tortured and killed in front of him he still says no, the torturer is still sure that he is withholding information so he continues with his children. If he still does not say anything the torturer might think that he is a very well trained terrorist and very loyal to his cause, so why stop? The torturer can be just as determined and loyal to his cause in return and continue to torture as many relatives of the victim as he possibly can to get the informat ion out of him. This is a built-in problem of the whole ‘ticking bomb scenario’, a problem because the terrorist might know something that if he might disclose to the torturer, might prove as valuable information. Not only does the ‘ticking bomb scenario’ almost never arise, but even in the extreme eventuality that it does, getting the information, and not just any information but the right one seems as probable as finding a needle in a haystack while being blindfolded and wearing boxing gloves; and yet some people are still not convinced and would, even in these given situations, employ the degrading and inhumane act of torture. If so, why not make even make it a fun thing to try and alleviate the gravity of such a situation and allow people to bet on whether or not the victim will give out the right information and foil the plot; a person would easily be offered really good odds and be able to win fortunes with a mere penny. Furthermore, again in the area of how everything related to torture is uncertain and holds no guarantee we must acknowledge that even if after all those presented above, we succumb to the use of torture, we allow for it to happen, we get the information which eventually proves to be right and stops a bombing, the terrorists could just as well plan another bombing, or maybe even more to revenge their tortured friend? As far as I am concerned under no circumstances should torture ever be used? Not only should it always be illegal but no matter how pro-torture theorists try to sugar coat it, it will always be immoral. It degrades everyone involved in it, as well as the entire society, it makes everyone a part of an inhumane act that can never guarantee anything. It should not happen ‘under the radar’ because it would mean that the elected officials that allow it to take place renounce their democratic beliefs and abandon their morals. It should not happen with the approval of the people because then everyone renounces their democratic ideologies and morals; the entire society would become more violent which is not something to overlook even if it raises by a very small degree; an entire torture related authority and mentality would be born that would only sadden and inherently take its toll on everyone`s daily livelihood. As we have seen there are no possible situations that might warrant a use of torture since in all given scenarios the trade-off in the long run would always prove to be a very bad one. Humanity should never trade its morals, its principles and its liberal and democratic values for the smallest odds of saving one, ten, or one million lives. The best way to express this is by thinking about the situation in which the Prime Minister of Italy, Aldo Moro, was kidnapped and when someone suggested the use of torture to find out where he is being held, General Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa replied: â€Å"Italy can survive the loss of Aldo Moro. It would not survive the introduction of torture.† It is not only Italy that could not survive the introduction of torture, but the entire civilized world. For all the arguments employed above against the use of torture in any kind of scenario, even in the strictly utilitarian one where torture should be used as long as the number of people saved is higher than the number of people tortured and killed, we can draw the humane and moral conclusion that torture should always be unlawful and immoral and therefore an absolute right against torture is warranted.